Who Decided

Nehal HousnyBasic Composition Kathy WilfordNovember 5, 2012 Who Decides? Clinical Technologies (MT) is a fundamental factor with regards to science . In any case, there is by all accounts a misconception on who ought to have the ability to control its utilization. The three most basic figures that are generally engaged with controlling MT’s are the administration, specialists, and society. Every delegate has its own preferences and weaknesses . In the two articles ,†The Made to Order Savior† by Lisa Belkin and â€Å"Who Holds the Clicker† by Lauren Slater , clinical innovation methodology are executed at this point controlled and directed differently.Every figure has its own rules with respect to how to control this innovation and on occasion there was no control at all . Clinical practices are significant and here and there important to spare a patients life . With appropriate subsidizing from the legislature , specialists ought to have the position to cont rol how clinical innovation is utilized. In the â€Å"Made to Order Savior† by Lisa Belkin , specialists had the option to control clinical practices utilized in the patients life. Shockingly , they got almost no assets from the government.Belkin felt that specialists needed control since they were being kept away from the legislature . For instance, Dr Mark Hughees was one the primary specialists who helped Strongin Goldbergs’ and the Nashes’ family discover a solution for their kids Henry and Molly. His splendor and ever-enduring experience made quite a bit of his exploration be upheld by the legislature , yet not for a really long time. It was just unexpectedly early, such that Congress chose to quit subsidizing Hughess research , which in the end influenced the lives of Henry and Molly. Hughes at that point proceeded with his exploration through private funds.Belkin states â€Å" at the time he was likewise an individual from a government warning board that created rules for single-cell incipient organism investigation that was vital to PGD. Be that as it may, no sooner had those rules been created than Congress restricted all government financing of undeveloped organism research , and Hughes had to proceed with his examination with private assets only†(6). This shows the doctors’ work isn't constantly upheld and can be influenced by the governments’ choices. The legislature is controlling and restricting the doctors’ capacity to utilize clinical innovation .By halting monetary subsidizes important to proceed with research the odds of finding new fixes decreases by an incredible possibility . This can likewise be viewed as negative to the patients life since it leaves addresses unanswered . Then again , in â€Å"Who Holds the Clicker† by Lauren Slater , specialists had the option to get satisfactory financing from the administration to extend the utilization of clinical innovation . The legislature he re observed the advantages of clinical innovation to the fact of the matter were they assumed responsibility for it. By energetically supporting specialists , this innovation was before long uses as an administration gadget. e .This possibly squeezed the specialists in light of the fact that there financing was as yet constrained which committed no space for errors or seconds possibilities. Slater states †Beyond inquiries of whether a few intellectually sick patient can give educated assent, there keep on floating feelings of trepidation that DBS could fall under the control of the state, or the exhausted jail framework, and be utilized as an administration device†(242). As referenced with regards to the paper, it is comprehended that the expression â€Å"management device† alludes to control and the ability to rule. Here, the administration saw a chance to use the devices of clinical innovation to control the population.One case of how the administration needed t o utilize clinical innovation to pick up power is to attempt to clear out savagery. Slater states â€Å" The possible uses and maltreatment of neural inserts were self-evident: You could control jail populaces; you could successfully clear out violence† (236). They focused on specific races and populaces, for example, African Americans. Their reason to utilize clinical innovation was to clear out savagery from the African American race. By and by, this demonstrates the specialists are the ones who ought to be accountable for clinical practices. With a specialist, there is no trade of advantages with their patients.The specialist doesn't want force or the board to fix a patient. Rather, a specialist needs experience, energy, and the will to choose when and how to utilize clinical innovation. In both Belkin and Slaters’ expositions the legislature is viewed as an impediment to permit the specialists be in charge of their own activity. Government is searching for ways on the most proficient method to control the individuals in any case in the event that it is giving assets or not. People groups lives ought not be founded on what the governments’ dreams are . The utilization of clinical innovation should remain in the possession of the specialists with no weight included.Neurosurgeon Rees Cosgrove expressed â€Å"If we don't do this privilege and cautiously, and , you know properly†¦ I don't figure we will have another opportunity†(242). There is a sure measure of weight on the specialists shoulders’ to consummate these analyses and gadgets. Since there is no an ideal opportunity for experimentation specialists can't test the method a few times before really executing it . â€Å"There are no creature models of DBS for uneasiness or discouragement, so these attacks into the human minds are generally unguided notwithstanding all the cutting edge equipment†(242).Once once more, government is constraining the doctors†™ alternatives making less exact outcomes for their exploration. Investing such a great amount of energy with anybody makes a specific degree of connection, let alone between a specialist and their patient. This connection or bond can speed up the restoring time of a patient. For instance, Belkin states â€Å" They [Henry’s parents] took on Dr. Hughes issues as their own, holding with him profoundly , realizing that they required him to security if they somehow managed to spare Henry†(10).Here, clearly Henry’s guardians are gladly urgent to discover a remedy for their child to where they are happy to manage Henry’s doctors’ individual issues. Worried more than one another’s issues and attempting to lift a weight consistently expands profitability and inspiration. Slater additionally states â€Å" When Mario discusses that time now , tears go to his eyes. â€Å"It resembled a miracle,†he says. †I still have some OCD side effec ts yet way , way less. Dr Greenberg and Ramussen spared my life. †(241) It is certain that as long there is acceptable correspondence between the patient and the specialist, progress comes simpler .Also, when the specialist has full control of the circumstance as far as knowing the patients past propensities, torment issues, and analysis the person in question can give a particular arrangement. They ace helping each patient life as well as figure out how to bond with the vast majority of them . This causes it increasingly close to home which to can bring about a positive way. Specialists ought to have the option to get legitimate subsidizing since it is for purpose of sparing lives and propelling fixes. As referenced, specialists are trustworthy individuals with information on how clinical systems ought to be conveys .There are guidelines that are given to each patient before the method. For instance, Belkin states â€Å"That was clearly what Hughes’s gut let him know , as well, and he consented to attempt to build up a lab technique to screen HLA a the single-cell level. His support accompanied certain conditions. First , that the mother must be more youthful than 35, in light of the fact that more youthful ladies produce more eggs, expanding the chances of a sound match. Second, that he would work just with families who conveyed a particular subset for Type C transformation, known as IVS4,because it is the most common.And, finally, the kid being made must be needed. †(7). Specialists make these rules to make the most extreme measure of beneficial work and results. Indeed, demonstrating that they ought to have the state concerning how clinical innovation is utilized. Slater’s paper advocates this thought of setting rules before experimentation, â€Å" To be qualified for neural inserts he [Mario] needed to deplete each accessible pharmacological choice at either ideal or above ideal portions and experience at any rate 20 hours of c onduct therapy.He needed to comprehend the dangers and ramifications of the system and give his assent. His case was seen by three audit board†(238). It is demonstrated that specialists are prepared to assume full responsibility for a patients' clinical life so as to give them fundamental guide. Others may consider these to be as impeding to human wellbeing, anyway no specialist is authorized to hurt his own patients. Slater’s paper later states â€Å" Dr Greenberg, his [Mario] specialist said â€Å"we don't have any desire to rehash the errors of the past.We need to sure this treatment isn't just utilized unpredictably , however that it is held for the gathering of individuals who have bombed preliminaries of everything else†(238). This shows specialists have the pledge to fix their patients. Despite the fact that specialists give exact outcomes , other may contend that specialists have an excessive amount of power over the patients life. In† Who holds th e Clicker†, a specialist by the name of Robert Heath contemplated types of psychosurgery, for example, profound mind incitement , additionally knows as DBS. The strategy wherein conveyed this sort of medical procedure is realistic and can be upsetting to the patients’ family members.Slater states â€Å" Heath took patients separated from the back wards of Louisiana’s mental clinics, cut open their skulls , and let cathodes fall down somewhere inside them . With the utilization of a handheld trigger , Heath found that anodes put in the hippocampus, the thalamus, or the tegmentum could deliver conditions of wrath or dread , while cathodes put in the brain’s septal zone and some portion of the amygdala could create sentiments of pleasure†(235). Clearly, the language utilized in this statement is visual and doesn't sound

The Americas to 1500 Essay -- essays papers

THE AMERICAS TO 1500 I. Strategy in the History This period, which manages the world the Indians knew before the appearance of European pioneers, presents troubles streaming for the most part from the absence of the typical evidentiary establishment for doing history: composed records (for instance, letters, addresses, settlements, constitutions, laws, books, papers, magazines, chronicles). This need not be a significant impediment to authentic investigation, in any case. In fact, one of the most significant things we can achieve in training this period is formulating approaches to give understudies a feeling of the range of techniques that students of history use to explore and comprehend the past. We can give understudies a feeling of the expansiveness and profundity of the antiquarian's errand and the exceptional cluster of devices and procedures accessible to the student of history to get some answers concerning the past. In trying to comprehend the principal individuals who settled North and South America either 15,000 or 40,000 years prior (the dates involve incredible chronicled contest), students of history utilize a few or the entirety of the accompanying: paleohistory (burrows for curios, assessments of internment destinations, close investigation of old developments, for example, the bluff homes of the western United States, or the hills left by the hill developer people groups of the southeastern United States); similar religion and fables - the investigation of creation fantasies, legends, and folktales told by Indian people groups; medication - following such organic factors as human bloodtypes to show how various people groups (the Aztec, the Comanche, the Seminole, the Kwakiutl) may well share a typical heritage, or examining the varying reactions of Indian and European people groups to infections to delineate how contact between the way of life at times demonstrated deadly to the indigenous culture; geography, climatology, and environment - to recreate the land as the Indians discovered it, to distinguish the manners in which they lived off the land and in congruity with it, and to give a premise to examination among Indian and European understandings of the connection between individuals and the common world; etymology - to follow the birthplaces and advancement of Indian dialects and the parentage of Indian language families; human sciences - to distinguish shared social components and social qualifications between Indian people groups; and even regular procedures of history - e.g., close understanding of such histo... ..., and that innovative bits of knowledge, for example, the wheel are not inescapable.) Indian economies were formed by their topography, atmosphere, and nature. As noted over, some Indian people groups were essentially trackers and nibblers, while others were principally farming, and still others had perplexing, modern, and fruitful blended economies that matched European financial frameworks. One final point: Again, every one of these territories stay questionable in the extraordinary, embroiling as they do such debates as whether Indian people groups seem to be crude and whether the idea of crude is helpful or even suitable in investigating an alternate people's way of life and lifestyle. Further, as we find in article II, an entangling factor in the investigation of the Americas before the appearance of European voyagers and pilgrims is the way to go - broadly flowed and talked about during the 500the commemoration of Columbus' appearance in the New World - that the Europeans confiscated the legitimate occupants of these mainlands, and that all later American progress and history, anyway prominent and respectable its accomplishments and goals, depends on a titanic arrangement of demonstrations of seizure, misrepresentation , and decimation.

Blog Archive Beyond the MBA Classroom Consumption Functions at Berkeley Haas

Blog Archive Beyond the MBA Classroom Consumption Functions at Berkeley Haas When you select an MBA program, you are not just choosing your learning environment, but are also committing to becoming part of a community. Each Thursday, we offer a window into life “beyond the MBA classroom” at a top business school. Held in the courtyard of the University of California Berkeley Haas School of Business,  Consumption Functions  take place five times a semester and are sponsored by various student organizations in conjunction with the MBA Association. Clubs that wish to host a Consumption Function provide music, food and alcohol/beverages (the total cost of which is typically matched by the MBA Association), as well as a crew for set up, clean up and crowd control. Running from 5 p.m. to 8 p.m. on Friday evenings, Consumption Functions typically have a theme, such as a chili cook-off or a celebration of the Chinese New Year, and are free and open to all Haas students, faculty members and their families (even dogs!). The International Consumption Function celebrates the diversity of Haas’s student body, as students set up tables of traditional food from their home countries and regionsâ€"including Boston and Texas! For in-depth descriptions of social and community activities at UC-Berkeley Haas and 15 other top MBA programs, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Berkeley-Haas Beyond the MBA Classroom

Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation in Education Essay

Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation in Education As life goes on, I am starting to learn more and more about what motivates me step forward and can be successful in education; I recognize that when I plan or want to do something, I have a motivation for that specific thing. In other words, when I do something, I have a reason why I should do that thing. According to the book â€Å"Drive† by Daniel H. Pink, it makes me thought-provoking about motivation 2.0 and motivation 3.0. So the question comes in my mind is what is the difference between motivation 2.0 and motivation 3.0, and which motivational system is more effective either for education. Motivation 2.0, what we know as extrinsic motivation assumes that human beings are best motivated by†¦show more content†¦For example, an intrinsically motivated student will perform a task given to him willingly, either because he might find the task challenging or else interesting and satisfied with completing it. This is due to the fact the external rewards hardly motivate these students. In chapter 3 of the book, Pink points out about type I behavior â€Å"Type I behavior is self-directed. It is devoted to becoming better and better at something that matters. And it connects that quest for excellence to a larger purpose† (78-79). This explains that motivation 3.0 leads student to good behavior and tends to be very much effective in the long run as the students perform the tasks willingly because it interests them, rather than trying to escape from it once the task is done. Furthermore, motivation 3.0 increases effort and persistence in activities and affects cognitive processes. As we discovered in chapter 4 about autonomy, Pink explains â€Å"According to a cluster of recent behavioral science studies, autonomous motivation promotes greater conceptual understanding, better grades, enhanced persistence at school and in sporting activities, higher productivity, less burnout, and greater levels o f psychological well-being† (88-89). Motivation 3.0 increases the amount of effort and energy that studentsShow MoreRelatedThe Self-Determination Theory by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan1720 Words   |  7 PagesThe motivation of different individuals can vary for many reasons, two of those reasons can be internal and external factors. The internal factors are referred to as intrinsic motivators and the external factors are signified as extrinsic motivators. 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Shakespeares Women The Weaker Vessel or Stronger Sex

Sample details Pages: 25 Words: 7439 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The subject of gender relationships within the work of Shakespeare became a matter of lively debate during the last quarter of the twentieth century and continues to be an area that attracts much scholarship and controversy. Perceptions that early modern society was antithetical to any exercise of power by women must be counterbalanced by the knowledge that, until 1603, a woman, Queen Elizabeth, held the ultimate power in England. Recent research has increasingly revealed that across this society a significant number of women held economic and social power and so the idea that Shakespeare reflects a society in which women area powerless and oppressed group is one which must be treated with somecaution. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Shakespeares Women: The Weaker Vessel or Stronger Sex? | English Literature Dissertation" essay for you Create order Shakespeares work presents a wide variety of female characters and the ways in which they have been perceived has altered over the four hundred years since the plays and poems were written. Play scripts areparticularly susceptible to re-interpretation and in many ways such interpretations reflect as much about their own historical period asabout the one in which the plays were originally written. Each age finds its own relationship with Shakespeare and so it could be arguedthat the question of whether Shakespeares women are regarded as strongor weak is inevitably influenced as much by the gender issues of the present time as by the time in which they were originally created. It is important not to assume that we can read Shakespeares women characters as examples of how women were treated in the period in which the work was written (Barker Kamps, 1995, 5), but rather to use the information that we have about the early modern period in order to see the characterisation of fictional ch aracters as they relate to the constraints which operated on real women of the period.It is also necessary to be aware that, with any dramatic texts, the interventions of actors, directors and current audience expectationscan radically alter the ways in which fictional characters are judged. It is the intention of this dissertation to give a brief introduction to the conventional views of women during the early modern period. Some scholars, such as Lisa Jardine (1989), Jean E. Howard (1988) and Juliet Dusinberre (1996), have argued that the way in which Shakespeare created women characters was in part determined by the fact that they were represented by boy players on the stage. However, it is hoped that by including a discussion of the narrative poem, The Rape of Lucrece, which was not intended for stage production, this dissertation will emphasise a continuity among Shakespeares female characters that goes beyond the necessities of the stage. The discussion will also focus on three of Shakespeares great tragedies, written during at the peak of his career, when his work had become popular amongst a large audience. The popularity of Hamlet, King Lear and Macbeth has enduredover four centuries and these plays continue to reach wide audiencesand have a significant influenc e on current views of Shakespeares women. In early modern England, notions about female gender roles tended to be constructed by two forms of discourse: the theological and themedical. Theological sermons and pamphlets emphasised the biblicalinjunctions that women should be silent and obedient and that they were subject to the authority of their husbands. Callaghan (1989, 9) arguesthat Renaissance society was profoundly hierarchical and that the chain of authority extended from God, via the monarch, to men and women who were expected to conduct their household relationships inconformity with the idea that women were subject the authority of their fathers and husbands. Belsey (1985, 9) emphasises that men and women are not symmetrically defined. Man, the centre and hero of liberal humanism, was produced in contradistinction to the objects of his knowledge, and in terms of the relations of power in the economy and the state. Woman was produced in contradistinction to man,and in terms of the relations of power in the family. These relationships were worked out in the public and private spheres in the requirement that, in terms of the economy and the state,women should be voiceless, and within the family they should be subjec tto their husbands, fathers and other male relatives. Thus, Newman (1991, 134) argues: Talk in women then is dangerous because it is perceived as ausurpation of multiple forms of authority, a threat to order and malesovereignty, to masculine control of commodity exchange, to a desiredhegemonic male sexuality. The extent of this perceived threat may begauged by the strict delegation of the talking woman to the carefullydefined and delimited spheres of private and domestic life in which thehusband was exhorted to rule. In early modern medical texts, the classical theories of Galen andAristotle, in which the female was regarded as in imperfect version ofthe male, predominated. Aughterson, (1995, 42) argues that the Galenictheories of the humours effectively continued to assign woman aninferior physiological state to that of man. Howard (2003, 419)observes that men and women were not assumed to be innately different,but rather were viewed as more perfect and less perfect versions of thesame prototype. From these constructions of physiological theory camethe idea that male and female were so intimately related that they werepotentially capable of transmutation: Stories exist from the early modern period recording cases in which,when women supposedly became overheated in running or jumping, malegenitalia would erupt from inside their bodies. (Howard, 2003, 419). That Shakespeare was aware of these ideas and utilised them in hischaracterisations of men and women is demonstrated when Hamlet isconcerned about his feminisation (Rose, 1995, 116), and when LadyMacbeth refutes her femininity: Come, you Spirits / That tend onmortal thoughts, unsex me here (Macbeth I.v.40-41). The term weaker vessel originates from the Bible and can beeffectively seen to straddle both theological and the physiologicaltheories about the relationships between women and men, as isillustrated from the following extract from a homily, dated 1562,designed to be the required reading at marriage ceremonies: St Peter giveth his precept saying: you husbands deal with yourwives according to knowledge, giving honour to the wife as unto theweaker vessel, and as unto them that are heirs also of the grace oflife, that your prayers be not hindered [1 Peter 3). For the womanis a weak creature, not endued with like strength and constancy ofmind, therefore they be the sooner disquieted, and they be the moreprone to all weak affections and dispositions of the mind, more thanmen be, and lighter they be, and more vain in their fancies andopinions. (An Homily of the State of Matrimony, 1562, from Aughterson, 1995, 23.) This essentially conservative and restrictive view of women was held,in spite of, or perhaps because of the upheaval and unrest of Englandat that time. Early modern England was a society in transition and thedisquiet that came with modernisation often led to reactive measuresdesigned to uphold the status quo. The sumptuary laws, in which modesof dress were prescribed in order to maintain class differences, can beread as an attempt to rein back an increasing level of socialmobility. Similarly, the discourse of gender difference has beeninterpreted as an essentially conservative reaction to social change: Time and again in these plays, we see crucial social problemspresented in relation to a central conflict involving genderopposition. Furthermore, since that opposition entails a fundamentalhierarchy (male superiority and female subordination), its function, interms of the dominant ideology is to reinforce the status quo. Yetthis function is problematic. Female inferiority was not an undebatedcultural given. It was fiercely contestedCallaghan (1989, p.11): Recent research supports this argument. The discourse of malesuperiority and female subordination must be seen in a historicalcontext in which a significant number of women had influence in thewider society. There were many wealthy women who wielded greateconomic power; some women participated in the workplace through guildmembership; a significant number of households were headed by women;and a number of women in various part of the country also participatedin parliamentary elections (Rackin, 19-20). It is necessary,therefore, to balance this kind of historical evidence against therhetorical evidence that we find in contemporary texts. The attempt toprescribe and define female roles and responsibilities reflects ananxious reaction to social change, an attempt to arrest progress andestablish a conservative status quo. These anxieties and the contestedground concerning the acceptable role of women in early modern societyinevitably affects the presentation of women in the plays and poe try ofthe period. In reading Shakespeares texts, it is possible to discoveraspects of the discourse of patriarchal authority as well as evidenceof womens power as agents in their own destinies. Whilst the notionof woman as the weaker vessel often informs the construction ofcharacter in Shakespeares work, I intend to argue that a closeexamination reveals that, in spite of the social restraints placed uponthem, these women often reveal a strength that goes beyond anythingthat may be expected. 2 The Rape of Lucrece Shakespeares narrative poem, The Rape of Lucrece, is based onclassical sources in Livy and Ovid and so there are some necessaryconstraints upon the actual plot of the poem. For example, Lucrecessuicide derives from the source materials and, in the context of LivysThe History of Rome from Its Foundation, this event is instrumental inending the reign of kings and instituting the Roman Republic. It isnecessary, therefore, to understand that the classical story primarilyexemplifies the abuse of tyrannical rulers and has a deeply politicalsignificance. While St Augustine later argued that the suicide ofLucrece was, from a Christian theological standpoint, culpable,nonetheless in the classical world Lucreces death was celebrated asboth tragic and heroic (Hendricks, 2000). We must, therefore,distinguish between the story that Shakespeare inherited and what hehas done with it as a narrative: to discuss Lucreces suicide as thoughit were an optional plot device is to misunderstand the nature o f thesource material. It is a given that Lucrece will commit suicide, butthe way in which Shakespeare has constructed the narrative and the waythat he has characterised the participants in this story carries aweight of significance. The poem concentrates not so much on theexternal events of the story, but on the internal experience of thecharacters or, as Maus (1986, 67) comments, the poem concentrates notupon action but upon what happens in the interstices between theimportant moments when two people [make] important decisions. There are two significant tropes within this poem that are crucial tothe portrayal of Lucreces character and are pertinent to the questionof her strength. One of these tropes has been discussed by CoppeliaKahn (1995, 42) where she argues that Shakespeare clearly blames menfor exercising several kinds of unfair advantages over women and thathe leans heavily on the traditional conception of womans physical,moral and intellectual inferiority to man. She is refe rring to thepassage in which men are compared with marble and women with wax: For men have marble, women waxen minds, And therefore are they formed as marble will. The weak oppressed, thimpression of strange kinds Is formed in them by force, by fraud, or skill. Then call them not the authors of their ill, No more than wax shall be accounted evil Wherein is stamped the semblance of a devil. (1240-1246) Kahn (1995, 23) argues that Lucrece is the victim of a patriarchalsystem and that Shakespeare uses the patriarchy of the classical worldto mirror his contemporary society. The trope of the marble and thewax therefore emphasises the pliability of women and their inability tohave any control over their destiny in a patriarchal society that soseverely restricts their power to act, or even to take moralresponsibility for themselves. In Kahns reading, Lucrece does,indeed, seem to have taken a waxlike impression of societys valueswith respect to her status as her husbands possession and the way inwhich she sees herself as a de-valued object when she is tainted orstained by rape. However, the poem also proposes an alternativetrope that seems crucial to an understanding of the nature of women.At the pivotal moment when Tarquin has entered Lucreces bedroom anddisclosed his intention to rape her, Shakespeare introduces a picturethat may call into question the comparable strengths of men and wo men:that of the marble and the water. Until this moment, the poem is constructed to show the readerTarquins point of view. One stanza particularly creates a directidentification between the reader and Tarquin: So that in ventring ill we leave to be The things we are for that which we expect; And this ambitious foul infirmity, In having much, torments us with defect Of that we have: so we do neglect The thing we have; and all, for want of wit, Make something nothing by augmenting it. (148-154) By using we we we us we we we, Shakespeare removes thespace between Tarquin and the reader, implicating the reader in thekind of rash risk-taking action where Tarquin is shown pawning hishonour to obtain his lust (156). Similarly, in Tarquins inner debateregarding whether he should carry out his intention to rape Lucrece(181-301) and in his reaction when he sees her asleep (365-441), thereader has full access to his thoughts and emotions, while Lucrece ispresented as an object whose external attributes are described inextensive detail yet to whose inner experience there is no access.The blazon description of Lucrece as she sleeps does indeed bear outNancy Vickerss (1985, 96) assertion that the canonical legacy ofdescription in praise of beauty is, after all, a legacy shapedpredominantly by male imagination for the male imagination; it is, inlarge part, the product of men talking to men about women. The firstthird of the poem does, indeed, present Lucrece as a silent presence, at hing talked about, but apparently without a voice of her own. Yet the crucial turning point of the poem occurs when she is awoken byTarquin. This act of awakening coincides with the sudden access thatis given to the reader to Lucreces inner experience and her voice inthe poem. Until this point, the poem attributes some reported speechto her, but the first time when her words are recorded as direct speechoccurs in the stanza which begins Quoth she (575). From this pointonward, the narrative becomes intensely concerned with Lucreces innerexperience, in her perception of the harm done to herself and herhusband as well as in her decision to commit suicide. Hercontemplation of a painting of the siege of Troy similarly enables thereader to identify with her as a person who is imaginatively engagedwith a work of art and as a person who is able to argue about moral andphilosophical issues in her own mind. It is at this point of apparent transformation in the readersperception of Lucrece whe n Shakespeare introduces his second tropewhich, I believe, is crucial to the portrayal of Lucrece, when thepoems narrator comments: Tears harden lust, though marble wear withraining (560). Although this is ostensibly a comment on Lucrecesinability to deflect Tarquin from his course by her tears and pleas, itsimultaneously proposes that even the hardness and permanence of marblecan be worn down by something as seemingly soft as water. The Galenichumoural system opposed the wet, female humour with the dry, malehumour and so this picture of water that eventually erodes marble canbe seen not just as an inversion of the hard = strong / soft = weakequation, but also as a specific reference to the wet and dry humoursof men and women. When viewed in the long term, water is stronger thanmarble and this image is re-iterated, when Lucrece herself takes up theimage: For stones dissolved to water do convert (592). AlthoughLucreces pleas for mercy are ineffective in this moment, her wordsneverthe less alert the reader to the relative strengths of stone andwater in the longer term and later her realisation that Time can wastehuge stones with little water drops (959) leads her to curse Tarquin: Disturb his hours of rest with restless trances; Afflict him in his bed with bedrid groans; Let there bechance him pitiful mischances To make him moan, but pity not his moans. Stone him with hardned hearts harder than stones, And let mild women to him lose their mildness, Wilder to him than tigers in their wildness. (967-973) . Atthis point, then, Lucreces line of thought has linked the image ofhearts harder than stones with the reversal of mild women who are nolonger helpless prey, but instead predatory tigers. In the early partof the poem, Lucrece is persistently depicted as a passive victim andthis is emphasised by twin images of predator and prey, such as thenight owl and the dove (360), a serpent and a sleeping woman (362-3), afalcon and a fowl (506-7), a cockatrice and a hind (540-3), a cat and amouse (554-5), a wolf and a lamb (679). Although Lucrece is physicallyunable to protect herself from Tarquin, after he leaves, this imageryis no longer used and Lucrece gains an active voice and a moralpresence that eventually lead her to the act of suicide. Henricks(2000, 115), comments that Shakespeare gives Lucrece a psychologicalcomplexity, interiority and self-awareness. The presentation of Lucreces moral complexity seems to be at oddswith the men in the narrative. Her husband is depicted as a man who isat fault from his initial boasting of his wife as a materialpossession, thereby exposing her to thieves (29-35), and he is laterdescribed as the hopeless merchant of this loss (1659). His finalignominy is the ridiculous squabble with Lucretius over ownership: The one doth call her his, the other his; Yet neither may possess the claim they lay. The father says, Shes mine. O mine she is, Replies her husband: do not take away My sorrows interest; let no mourner say He weeps for her, for she was only mine, And only must be wailed by Collatine. (1793-1799) Brutus takes the knife from Lucreces side and burying in Lucrecewound his follys show (1810), he begins to admonish Collatine andLucretius. In this way, her death is presented as having a redemptivesignificance, not only for Brutus, but also for Rome itself. Although,within the Christian theological tradition, suicide is condemned,nonetheless Shakespeare deliberately chose as his theme a story inwhich a suicide has a positive political effect and is placed within aheroic tradition. The Rape of Lucrece depicts a woman in her most vulnerable moment whois unable to resist her enemy. Yet it could be argued that she trulyfinds a way of fulfilling her assertion that I am the mistress of myfate (1069). Lucrece, though she is entirely situated within apatriarchal discourse that constructs her as her husbands possession,is neither silent nor weak. Finally, like water on marble, she has asubtle strength. 3. Hamlet In the play, Hamlet, Shakespeare presents the audience with two femalecharacters who are quite unlike Lucrece. It has been noted thatLucrece undergoes a transition from her initial silence and is given avoice and an interior life that dominates more than half of the poem.Yet Gertrude and Ophelia, in contrast, are chiefly characterised byhaving very little to say. Showalter (1985, 78) says of Ophelia: She appears in only five of the plays twenty scenes; the pre-playcourse of her love story with Hamlet is known only by a few ambiguousflashbacks. Her tragedy is subordinated in the play; unlike Hamlet,she does not struggle with moral choices or alternatives. Lisa Jardine (1995, 316) makes a similar point about Gertrude, thatshe speaks fewer lines than any other major character in the play.It is therefore incumbent upon the audience or reader to fill in thegaps for these characters, who say so little for themselves. It may beargued that both Gertrude and Ophelia are presented as conforming to anearly modern stereotype of correct feminine behaviour and that theirpresence within a patriarchal society has had the effect of deprivingthem of the opportunity for either action or speech. It seems that Ophelia is the character who most epitomises theposition of a woman who is controlled by the patriarchal structuresaround her. She is presented as a woman of virtue who is obedient toher father and brother. Her reticence in the first scene in which shespeaks is effectively demonstrated by an extreme economy of words.When Laertes departs for France, her speeches are limited to halflines, single lines and pairs of lines as she receives instructionsf rom Polonius and Laertes regarding her behaviour. Although PhyllisRackin (2000, 22) has recently questioned the scholarly consensus thatrespectable women were expected to stay at home, that they wereeconomically dependent on fathers and husbands, and that they weresubjected to constant surveillance by jealous men, obsessively anxiousabout their sexual fidelity, it is nonetheless true that both fatherand brother are preoccupied by the risk of Ophelia losing her virginityand thus ruining herself and bringing dishonour to her male relatives.Ophelia has only one speech of longer than two lines in which toexpress her reaction to these instructions, but her initial obedienceturns into a comment upon male hypocrisy: I shall theffect of this good lesson keep As watchman to my heart. But good my brother, Do not as some ungracious pastors do, Show me the steep and thorny way to heaven, Whiles like a puffd and reckless libertine Himself the primrose path of dalliance treads, And recks not his own rede. (I.iii.45-51) Poloniuss subsequent conversation with Ophelia confirms this view,but he is plain about her responsibilities to him and unapologeticabout the double standards that operate in this society. He begins byreferring to the need for Ophelia to protect her own honour (I.iii.97),but he then moves on to his real concern: Tender yourself more dearly/ Or youll tender me a fool (I.iii107-109). Shortly afterwards hestates: For the Lord Hamlet, Believe so much in him that he is young, And with a larger tether may he walk Than may be given you. (I.iii.122-126) Ophelia has the last line in this scene and it is at least outwardly- an expression of compliance: I shall obey, my lord (I.iii.136).However, her conversation with Polonius makes it clear that she hasbeen conducting a relationship with Hamlet for which she had not soughther fathers prior permission. This is perhaps an example of thecomplexities of courtship and marriage that existed in early modernEngland. On one hand, there is evidence that arranged marriage wasprobably still the norm in practice, even though marrying for lovebecomes the ideal on stage (Belsey, 2002, 129); but on the other handthere is also evidence that a more uncertain situation existed wherepreliminary decisions were made by the young people; the parents wereusually brought into the discussion only later'(Amussen, 1999, 94) .Ophelias behaviour suggests that the latter was a more accuratedescription of her situation. Ophelias ability to express herself continues to be severelyrestricted throughout the scene in w hich she is confronted by Hamlet(III.i) and in the Mouse Trap scene (III.ii). However, she doeseventually find a voice, and it is through her madness that she isfinally able to confront the ultimate embodiment of male authority: theking. Ophelias use of folk songs as a way of expressing a sexualisedsensibility is in stark contrast to the verbal control of her earlierscenes, yet the meaning of her words carries the same message, asHattaway (2002, 114) comments: what is significant is its exposure ofthe double standard: a man gains honour among his own sex by virtue ofsexual conquests, while by the same activity a woman loses hers. Thiscontradiction can be seen as central to the character of Ophelia and itultimately destroys her. Showalter (1985, 91) comments that somefeminists have regarded Ophelias madness as a form of protest andrebellion. For many feminist theorists, she states, the madwomanis a heroine, a powerful figure who rebels against the family and thesocial order. It is al so possible, however, to argue that Opheliascryptic comments on her plight are contained by her madness and thatany attempt to operate outside of the strictures of patriarchy isforeclosed by her death. Ophelias madness has proved to be apowerful symbol of female insanity over the last four centuries: wecould provide a manual of female insanity by chronicling illustrationsof Ophelia; this is so because the illustrations of Ophelia have playeda major role in the theoretical construction of female insanity'(Showalter, 1985, 80). With the benefit of four hundred years ofhindsight, therefore, Ophelias madness has attained a symbolicsignificance which is a contested site of meaning. Gertrudes part in the play has also provoked a great deal of commentand controversy. Jardine (1995, 316) comments upon the phenomenon ofblame that has become attached to Gertrude. Hamlets apparentobsession with her behaviour has been the subject of muchpsychoanalytical interpretation. However, the recent empha sis onviewing early modern literature within a historicist framework haspresented an alternative to the essentially anachronistic process ofapplying a nineteenth century theoretical framework to a seventeenthcentury play. With a greater historical awareness, it is possible toview Hamlets concerns in a different way: the anxiety about hismothers behaviour that preoccupies him and distracts him from hisostensible duty to avenge the death of his father can be explained byhis mothers apparently unfeminine and inappropriate sexuality.Hamlet describes Gertrudes relationship with Claudius as hot, lustfuland bestial: Nay, but to live In the rank sweat of an enseamed bed, Stewd in corruption, honeying and making love Over the nasty sty! (III.iv.91-94) Disgusted by the physical evidence Gertrudes sexuality, Hamlet hasthree issues with his mothers behaviour: he has identified that she ishot (a sign of masculinity in Galens humoural system), he is concernedat the speed with which she has transferred her affiliation from oldHamlet to Claudius (thus refuting the requirement that women should beconstant); and she also seems to behave with too much liberty. As isclear from Poloniuss rebuke to Ophelia, men could be permitted agreater freedom, but a womans freedom to act was severelycircumscribed. Gertrudes lack of restraint is seen by Hamlet asdangerous, both socially and politically. Hamlet is therefore dismayedby the fact that his mother is behaving in such a way as to go beyondthe conventional requirements of feminine behaviour and that she is, inhis eyes, encroaching onto male territory. Though it is true thatGertrude does not have many lines, her role is crucial to Hamletsstate of mind and to his ability to act in a way that he perce ives asmanly. In marrying Claudius, Gertrude has also retained politicalpower as queen and this has almost certainly had the effect of barringHamlet from inheriting the throne from his dead father. It can beargued, then, that in her relationship with Hamlet she has a level ofpersonal and political power that is the cause of his inability to takethe action that feels is necessary to avenge the death of his father. Gertrude and Ophelia, though they have relatively few lines, both havepivotal roles to play in Hamlet. Their influence over the outcome ofthe play is far in excess of the number of lines spoken by them. Bothof them are seen to go beyond what was the conventionally idealisedfeminine roles ascribed to them by early modern society. That theirbehaviour causes anxiety in the male characters in the play is clear:Laertes, Polonius, Claudius and Hamlet are all preoccupied by theirbehaviour, yet are unable to exert the necessary control thatpatriarchal power structures require of th em. Although the socialnorms of patriarchy are clearly inscribed into this play, the womencharacters display a level of non-conformity that enables them tosubvert the power structures that seek to restrain them. Shakespearehas inscribed into this play a complexity of characterisation in bothGertrude and Ophelia that denies the simplistic category of femaleweakness into which their society might have tried to fit them. 4. King Lear Ann Thompson (1991, 125) has commented on the difficulties thatthis play creates in that too much critical attention has turned KingLear into a play exclusively or primarily about male power, butKathleen McLuskie (1985, 103) argues that the text containspossibilities for subverting these meanings and the potential forreconstructing them in feminist terms. In the opening scene of theplay, we are presented with what McLuskie refers to as a love test,based on the structure of a folk tale. The King creates a situationwhereby the fate of his kingdom and his daughters depends upon theirverbal declarations of love. However, if the ideal type of womanhood,as defined in early modern society, lies in its silence and modestrestraint, is could be argued that Lear is tempting his daughters intoerror by requiring such public verbal displays. He exposes hisdaughters to the unseemliness of a living woman conveying her feelingsin a public format (Barker Kamps, 1995, 4). Shakespeare is thusproblemati sing Lears behaviour from the outset: he embarks upon acourse that demands that his daughters prove their love by floutingpatriarchal conventions. The women are thus trapped: whatever they sayor do not say, they run the risk of disobedience, either to theirfather or to the wider requirements of proper feminine behaviour. In Lears three daughters and their responses to this situation, weare presented with alternative types of female behaviour and the playalso focuses attention on their agency as it relates to the patriarchalstructures within which they operate. The play could be said to be anillustration of the weakness and folly of two old men Lear andGloucester who, as their physical powers diminish, lose their socialand political powers as well. Just as the source of womens weaknesscan be traced to their bodies, so it might be argued that a bodilydecline in old men renders them weak and vulnerable. In the subsequentpower struggle, Goneril, Regan and Cordelia all make choices tha tgovern their future and that determine the course of the subsequentdrama. Although this leads to the depiction of Goneril and Regan aspredatory adulteresses, whilst Cordelia ultimately becomes a victim whois unable to survive, it is nonetheless true to say that all three ofthese women seize opportunities to make their own choices anddecisions. From the outset, Cordelia is characterised as the pictureof modest womanly constraint, as she punctuates her sisters smoothrendition of filial loyalty with comments such as: What shall Cordeliaspeak? Love and be silent (I.i.61) and Then poor Cordelia! / And yetnot so; since I am sure my loves / More ponderous than my tongue'(I.i.75-77). Cordelias virtue lies in her observation of duty andobedience and she is aware that every adult woman must divide her dutyand obedience between her husband and her father. Though this stanceis shown to place her in a double bind that leads to exile and thendeath, yet she has exercised her own choice and has re sisted pressurefrom her father to take another course. In choosing the path of truthto herself, she has become her own moral arbiter and is the first ofthe three daughters to openly rebel against her fathers wishes,regarding her own conscience as a higher authority that his. In contrast to Cordelia, Goneril and Regan show themselves to be awareof the political strategies through which power is obtained and theyare willing to flatter their father in order to gain it. The playfollows the subsequent reversal of power in which Lear becomes anobedient father (I.iv.232), while Goneril and Regan become predatorycreatures, as for example detested kite (I.iv.260) andvulture'(II.iv.132). This predatory aspect to their nature is alsoplayed out in their sexual relationships, particularly with referenceto Edmund. Though Goneril and Regan use their strength for evil ends,it is nonetheless clear that they are able to act beyond what might beconsidered as their gendered feminine roles. In the unive rse of KingLear moral choices have consequences and it is clear that they areultimately punished for their crimes, as they finally prey on oneanother. Nonetheless, before they meet their end, they have beenpresent on the battlefield, a far cry from the domestic sphere in whichit was more normal for women to operate. Goneril and Regan have, in aperverse reversal of patriarchal power, asserted their ability tostruggle to satisfy their own desire for sexual and political power anin doing so have created a model for Shakespeares most transgressivefemale character. 5. Macbeth In what Zimmerman (2000, 320) describes as the hallucinatory realm ofShakespeares Macbeth, the picture of a society which is in meltdownis inextricably linked with the portrayal of gender categories thatshift and collapse. The women characters in Macbeth the witches andLady Macbeth drive Macbeth forward in his course and exercise acontrolling power over his destiny. In that Lady Macbeth is portrayedas the energising and controlling force that impels Macbeth to killDuncan, she is certainly characterised as being stronger willed thatMacbeth. When Macbeth hesitates, she accuses him of cowardice: Artthou afeard / To be the same in thine act and valour, As thou art indesire? (I.vii.39-41). Furthermore, she invokes the image ofmanliness and courage in action: When you durst do it, then you werea man (I.vii.49). She shows no sign of entertaining the doubts andworries about failure that Macbeth voices. Yet, crucially, she cannotcarry out the murder herself and this is for a very specific r eason:Had he not resembled / My father as he slept, I had dont'(II.ii.13). In this moment, when Macbeth is in the very act ofmurdering Duncan, Lady Macbeth identifies the source of power that shecannot overcome: patriarchal power. For all her strength of character,Lady Macbeth is thwarted by the socially gendered role of a womanwithin a patriarchal society. Her attempts to subvert her femininerole are symbolically represented by the presence of the witches, whosepresence on the margin of society demonstrate the destiny of women whochallenge the status quo.. In early modern England, the social exclusion of some categories ofwomen was associated with witchcraft and it is the marginalized natureof feminine power that is embodied by the weird sisters. Newman (1991,56) comments: Not only were the practitioners of witchcraft in England women, theywere often disorderly or unruly women who transgressed cultural codesof femininity. Significantly, all those behaviours transgressingtraditional gender roles were conflated a witch typically was said tobe a scold, a shrew; to live unquietly with her husband; to be alight woman or a common harlot witches were regularly accused ofsexual misconduct. Women who were thus identified as transgressive were criminalizedand punished. In Macbeth, the witches are situated outside of thenormal bounds of society, physically located on a heath. Theirsituation with regard to the normal bounds of femininity also placesthem outside. As Banquo comments, their humanity as well as theirfemininity is in doubt: What are these, So witherd and so wild in their attire, That look not like thinhabitants o th earth, And yet are ont? Live you? Or are you aught That man may question? You seem to understand me, By each at once her choppy finger laying Upon her skinny lips: you should be women, And yet your beards forbid me to interpret That you are so.(I.iii.39-47) Here the utilisation of female characters to reveal what is mostevil and fearful reveals the anxiety of early modern society aboutwomen who refuse to conform to traditional gender roles and usurp thepower which legitimately belongs to men. Thus, Banquo is confounded bythe androgynous appearance of the witches who should be women, but havean appearance that is at odds with normal expectations. Rackin (2005,132) cites this as an example of the prototypically modern assumptionthat the qualities of gentleness and pity are naturally grounded inwomens bodies. The social unease which these women embody is perhaps indicative ofthe uncertainties associated with the growth in mercantilism of theearly modern period. Literacy increased during the reign of Elizabeth;cities expanded and there was a growing middle class who took advantageof the possibilities of social mobility. These social changesinevitably created uncertainty and the unease appears to have beenparticularly focussed upon changes i n womens behaviour. Sermons andpamphlets of the period attempted to divert the flow of change byrestoring the older certainties and the traditional order. LadyMacbeth embodies the possibility and also the fear that is engenderedby these social conditions. She is strongly motivated by ambition andshe urges her husband to take the necessary action to achieve hergoal. In a society based on order and authority, such behaviour isdangerous. Just as the witches femininity has been called intoquestion, so Lady Macbeths pursuit of power is seen to reflect anaspect of her gender; her femininity has to be actively suppressed inorder to take action. She calls up the powers of evil to unsex her,replacing the soft and nurturing aspects of her nature with cruelty andmurder. Come, you Spirits That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me, from the crown to the toe, top-full Of direst cruelty! Come to my womans breasts, And take my milk for gall, you murthring ministers, Wherever in your sightless substances You wait on Natures mischief!(I.v.40- 43, 47-50) In this overt rejection of the social expectations of femininity, LadyMacbeth allies herself with the witches and it is thereforeunsurprising that the outcome of her action is that her state becomesmarginalized by her descent into madness. As with Ophelia, madness isa state that is associated with existing outside of the normativeboundaries of a socially gendered role. In this state, although LadyMacbeth comes from the aristocracy and is now Queen, her positionbecomes strongly associated with that of the witches, who areoutsiders. Janet Adelman (1995, 105) argues Lady Macbeths affiliationwith the witches becomes an embodiment of female power and that theplay becomes a representation of primitive fears about male identityand autonomy itself, about those looming female presences who threatento control ones actions and ones mind, to constitute ones very self,even at a distance. The physical distancing of the witches ismirrored in the psychological distance that Lady Macbeth creates byp lacing herself beyond the boundaries of normal Christian discourse inher speech Come you spirits By articulating a determination thatrejects the constructions of normal maternal feeling, she similarlyplaces herself beyond the normative boundaries of gendered socialdiscourse: I have given suck, and know How tender tis to love the babe that milks me: I would, while it was smiling in my face, Have pluckd my nipple from his boneless gums, And dashd the brains out, had I so sworn As you have done to this. (I.vii.54-59). Lady Macbeths direst cruelty is a means of refuting the femininerole imposed upon her in exchange for the power of action. Normally,action is considered the prerogative of male characters. When Macbethhesitates before killing Duncan, his manhood is called into question;Hamlets hesitation is similarly constructed and so the part of takingviolent action is specifically gendered as masculine. It is necessary,therefore, for Lady Macbeth to adopt the rhetorical device of rejectingher femininity in order to exercise power. Yet she is unable to sustain herself after the desired action has beeneffected and, while Macbeth projects his fears into hallucinations yetremains fully functional as a warrior, Lady Macbeth breaks down andkills herself (Sprengnether, 1995, 13). Although Lady Macbeth hasinitially been portrayed as a character who energises her husbandsambitions and rejects the softer side of her nature in order to gainpower, the ultimate expense of this strategy becomes clear when herco urse towards madness and death is as rapid and decisive asOphelias. Although there is an element of ambiguity that surroundsthe question of whether Ophelia and Gertrude commit suicide, it isclear that Lady Macbeth takes her own life. Like Lucrece, she is themistress of her own fate. Although she has, until this point, livedout her ambition through her husband, her death signals a final breakfrom him and she is described as having by self and violent hands /Took off her life (V.ix.36-37). Ultimately, there is no place for herwithin the patriarchal bounds and so no place for her within society.Belsey (1985, 185) expresses the problematic situation of women who donot accept their gendered roles in this way: The demonization of women who subvert the meaning of femininity iscontradictory in its implications. It places them beyond meaning,beyond the limits of what is intelligible. At the same time it endowsthem with a (supernatural) power which it is precisely the project ofpatriarchy to deny. In Macbeth, Lady Macbeths power is indeed denied. Though, incomparison with Macbeth, she has temporarily appeared to have asuperior strength, her ultimate destiny is to be symbolicallyconfronted with the body of her sleeping father, whose power she cannotrefute. 5. Conclusion During the early modern era, an idealised construct of femininityand masculinity depended upon physiological and theological theorieswhich posited a binary opposition between the male and female and wasdefined in terms of strength and weakness. However, Shakespearesfemale characters are never as one-dimensional as these kinds ofdefinitions might suggest. Whilst it is clear that such categoriesoften inform the depictions of gender roles, Shakespeare presentswomens strengths as well as mens weaknesses. Real people are a mixof strengths and weaknesses and Shakespeare creates characters who arecomplex and layered in such a way as to have made their relevanceendure over four centuries. Though many of his female characters playout roles that are circumscribed by social norms and expectations andthough they often they attain their goals through the actions of men,they are not universally passive and disempowered. Neither are theyuniversally stronger or more morally virtuous than men. In The Rape ofLucrece, Shakespeare has created a tragic heroine who does, indeed,seem to have greater moral dignity and strength than the malecharacters in the poem. In Hamlet, however, both Gertrude and Opheliaare more ambiguous presences whose strength, though significant totheir eventual fates, is circumscribed by their inability to controltheir destinies. In King Lear Shakespeare presents three women who, indiffering ways, exhibit the strength of purpose and resolve to maketheir own choices and thereby to affect their own fates. Finally, inMacbeth, we encounter a depiction of women as dangerously transgressiveoutsiders who only have in indirect access to power which is playedout within the boundaries of patriarchal power. Shakespeares tragicwomen may be marginalized and victimised, but their often pivotal rolesin Shakespeares tragedies offer evidence of the complex and contestednature of gender and power. BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary Sources Shakespeare, William, Macbeth. The Arden Shakespeare, edited by Kenneth Muir, 1951, London New York: Methuen. Shakespeare, William, King Lear. The Arden Shakespeare, edited by Kenneth Muir, 1972, London New York: Methuen. Shakespeare, William, Hamlet. The Arden Shakespeare, edited by Harold Jenkins, 1982, London New York: Methuen. Shakespeare, William, The Poems. The New Cambridge Shakespeare, edited by John Roe, 1992, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Secondary sources Adelman, Janet, 1995. Born of Woman: Fantasies of Maternal Power inMacbeth, in Shirley Nelson Garner and Madelon Sprengnether, eds.,Shakespearean Tragedy and Gender, Bloomington and Indianapolis: IndianaUniversity Press, 105-134. Amussen, Susan Dwyer, 1999. The Family and the Household in DavidScott Kastan, A Companion to Shakespeare, Oxford: Blackwell, 85-99. Aughterson, Kate, 1995. Renaissance Woman: A Sourcebook:Constructions of Femininity in England, London New York:Routledge. Barker, Deborah and Kamps, Ivo, 1995. Shakespeare and Gender: AnIntroduction, in Deborah Barker and Ivo Kamps, eds., Shakespeare andGender: A History, London: Verso, 1-21. Belsey, Catherine, 1985. The Subject of Tragedy: Identity and Difference in Renaissance Drama, London New York: Methuen. Belsey, Catherine, 2002. Gender and Family in Claire McEachern,The Cambridge Companion to Shakespearean Tragedy, Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 123-141. Callaghan, Dympna, 1989. Women and Gender in Renaissance Tragedy, New York: Harvester. Dusinberre, Juliet, 1996. Squeaking Cleopatras: Gender andPerformance in Antony and Cleopatra, in James C. Bulman, ed.,Shakespeare, Theory and Performance, London New York: Routledge,46-67. Michael Hattaway, 1990. Drama and Society, in A.R. Braunmuller Michael Hattaway (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to EnglishRenaissance Drama, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 91-126. Hendricks, Margot, 2000. 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Taking Tropes Seriously: Languageand Violence in Shakespeares Rape of Lucrece, Shakespeare Quarterly,37, 1, 66-82. McLuskie, Kathleen, 1985. The Patriarchal Bard: Feminist Criticism andShakespeare: King Lear and Measure for Measure, in Jonathan Dollimoreand Alan Sinfeild, eds., Political Shakespeare: Essays in CulturalMaterialism, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 88-108. Newman, Karen, 1991. Fashioning Femininity and English Renaissance Drama, Chicago London: University of Chicago Press. Rackin, Phyllis, 2005. Shakespeare and Women, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Rose, Jacqueline, 1995. Hamlet the Mona Lisa of Literature, inDeborah Barker and Ivo Kamps, eds., Shakespeare and Gender: A History,London: Verso, 104-118. Rutter, Carol, 1988. Clamorous Voices: Shakespeares Women Today, London: Womens Press. Showalter, Elaine, 1985. Representing Ophelia: Women, Madness, andthe Responsibilities of Feminism, in Patricia Parker and GeoffreyHartman, eds., Shakespeare and the Question of Theory, New York London: Methuen, 77-94. Sprengnether, Madelon, 1996. Introduction: The Gendered Subject ofShakespearean Tragedy, in Shirley Nelson Garner and MadelonSprengnether, eds., Shakespearean Tragedy and Gender, Bloomington andIndianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1-27. Thompson, Ann, 1991. Are There Any Women in King Lear?, in ValerieWayne, ed., The Matter of Difference: Materialist Feminist Criticism ofShakespeare, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 117-128. Vickers, Nancy, 1985. The Blazon of Sweet Beautys Best:Shakespeares Lucrece, in Patricia Parker and Geoffrey Hartman, eds.,Shakespeare and the Question of Theory, New York London: Methuen,95-115. Zimmerman, Susan, 2000. Duncans Corpse, in Dympna Callaghan,ed., A Feminist Companion to Shakespeare, Oxford: Blackwell. 320-338.

Genetic Modification Is The New Eugenics - 1441 Words

Hunan Genetic Modification is the New Eugenics The science of eugenics was widely used during the 20th century in the United States to strategically eliminate the reproductive rights of women who were deemed inferior on the social ladder (â€Å"What is Eugenics?†). Some women of color, women with disabilities, and women from lower financial classes were sterilized for permanent birth control, and sometimes without their consent or knowledge (â€Å"What is Eugenics?†). The eugenics movement was aimed to promote selective human features in order to increase those with intelligence, good health, physical characteristics, and class. Currently, the recent controversy of human genetic engineering has scientist concerned that it will become the new eugenics. Sterilizing women as a precaution to prevent the overpopulation of unfavorable offspring would go against Jonathan Swift’s equal treatment of all humans, Benjamin Franklin’s hopes for human ethics in science, and be a direct violation to the natural born rights of all humans. Also, the controversial practice of human genetic modification to restrict reproduction rights only to people of desirable traits is unethical because it promotes racial cleansing. â€Å"A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift proposes to eliminate the poor Irish Catholics to prevent them from becoming a burden to society. Swift insists that poor Irish Catholics should participate in outrageous behavior that are similar to eugenics. However, Swift uses verbal irony andShow MoreRelatedThe Science Of Eugenics Movement1423 Words   |  6 PagesThe science of eugenics was widely used during the 20th century in the United States to strategically eliminate the reproductive rights of women who were deemed inferior on the social ladder (â€Å"What is Eugenics?†). Some women of color, women with disabilities, and women from lower financial classes were sterilized for permanent birth control, and sometimes withou t their consent or knowledge (â€Å"What is Eugenics?†). The eugenics movement was aimed to promote selective human features in order to increaseRead MoreHuman Genetic Engineering And Eugenics1582 Words   |  7 PagesHuman genetic engineering and eugenics have been a largely controversial topic over the past decades. Eugenics can be popularly defined as the science of improving and enhancing a human population or person through manipulating the human genes, selective breeding, and sterilization. The end goal and desired result of eugenics is to basically create a human race or people with more desirable biological, physical, or psychological traits. Eugenics and genetic modification is a current, pressing subject;Read MoreIs It Possible to Create a Perfect Human Being?859 Words   |  4 Pagesis done with horses and dogs, there is a level of eugenics that has gone too far. During WWII, Adolf Hitler took the stance of eugenics as an innovative idea that was for the greater good. However, his proposal of eugenics was eliminating all other choices of humans other than his ideal image – the Aryan race. The murder of over 11 million people can hardly be compared with propagation, but they both derive from the same idea: eugenics. Eugenics is only one of the many methods that scientists areRead MoreWhat Would You Do If Your Baby Was Born With A Defect?1359 Words   |  6 Pagesyou could fix this birth defect before the baby was born? The thought seems a little tempting to some, but to others the thought is terrifying. With gene modification techniques such as CRISPR-Cas9 spiraling around it is possible to change genes. Gene modification is defined as any alteration of genetic material of a human being. Gene modification should not be allowed because the disastrous effects such as it lacks diversity, creates a divide, goes against religious beliefs, produces overpopulationRead More The High Cost of Genetic Engineering Essay1207 Words   |  5 Page sCost of Genetic Engineering    Genetic research on human embryos, in correlation with the human genome, is the key to gene therapy, genetic diagnosis, and even to genetically engineered human beings.   Knowing which gene controls what trait and causes what genetic disease will arm doctors with a powerful tool to treat their patients at the molecular level.   On the other hand, this allows people to possibly manipulate genes to enhance specific traits or create the perfect baby.   Genetic researchRead MoreEssay on The Perils of Genetic Screening and Gene Therapy1079 Words   |  5 PagesThe Perils of Genetic Screening and Gene Therapy      Ã‚   When we contemplate manipulation of the human genome, we tend to frame the debate in terms of the potential consequences for our children, or our childrens children. These are the individuals whose lives, and whose genes, are most likely to be effected by the rapidly advancing field of human genetics. Thus, while generations have always been conscious about the external environment bequeathed to their children, we of this generation mayRead MoreAnalysis Of Aldous Huxley s Brave New World1376 Words   |  6 Pages Like most high school seniors, I was handed a copy of Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, in which I found myself lost in a world where childbearing was mechanicalized, as children were made-to-order inside of test tubes with specific traits and societal roles. Now I sit three years later, reading about how this once imagined world of Aldous Huxley has become a reality as we now have the technology to make these made-to-order babies. As mentioned in lecture, the first test tube baby, or child conceivedRead MorePlaying God in Medicine Continues to be Acceptable Essay1424 Words   |  6 Pagesembryos, empowering humans to create a stronger, healthier child. Scientists place a new/modified gene into a virus like organism that enters the cell and inserts the new gene. Genetic modification is utilized to correct defective genes that lead to disease or genetic disorders; in simple terms, manipulating human genes to provide a brighter genetic future for humanity. In the future we may also be able to cure genetic diseases in embryos by replacing faulty sections of DNA with healthy DNA, in a processRead MoreThe World Is Too Much1509 Words   |  7 Pagesspecifically the capacity for human genetic modification to improve our species. Broadly, the extent to which genetic modification of humans should be permissible, is the extent to which it ensures indefinitely the increase of well being as opposed to the negation of its usage in any particular context. This is a fascinating and multifaceted proposition entailing a discussion of science and moral philosophy. Firstly we shall look at instances when human genetic modification should not be employed and whyRead MoreWhat Makes Us Human Genome? Essay1427 Words   |  6 Pagesmeant for the future of humanity. Thirteen years ago, news sources buzzed with hot-topic articles warning us of designer babies and man-made crops. Based on the frantic journalistic climate of the time, one might think us normal people would soon be replaced by post-humans. To find crude evidence for the decade’s excitement (or disdain) for the upcoming human genetics revolution, one needs only check google search trends for words like ‘genetic enhancement’ or ‘designer baby.’ Interest peaks around

Benefits of Capitalism-Free Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss the Concepts and Methods that Economists use to measure these benefits (this discussion should include any shortcomings associated with these Economic Concepts and Methods. Answer: Introduction Capitalism can be defined as the economic and political construct in which the control of industries and resources of production are controlled by the private owners and the intervention of state or government is minimal or non-existent. Under capitalistic framework, the primary motive of the owners of the productive resources is to maximize profit. Benefits of Capitalism The capitalistic framework, though seem to be solely individual profit maximization oriented, there are several positive implications of this socio-political-economic framework on the overall society as well as on the individuals belonging to the society concerned. One of the primary objectives of the Capitalistic society is to maximize productivity and profitability. This implies that under Capitalism, the firms have incentives to maximize their efficiency, which requires them to be cost effective in the competitive environment. Thus, it can be asserted that Capitalism encourages efficiency maximization, which in turn facilitates innovation. Under Capitalism, with the absence of large and bureaucratic government, the consumers also enjoy the freedom to choose the goods, services which they desire to have, and from whom they want to avail the same. The presence of competition in the market also leads to efficient and competitive pricing of the goods and services, which benefits the consumers. Capitalism provides people with the incentives to work hard to earn more, which in turn is measure by the economists by observing the increase in the economic growth of the concerned country. However, the fruits of economic growth are expected to trickle down to all the socio-economic strata of the country, only when the country is not burdened with excessive inequality in distribution, which cannot be measured by the economic growth of the country.