Genetic Modification Is The New Eugenics - 1441 Words

Hunan Genetic Modification is the New Eugenics The science of eugenics was widely used during the 20th century in the United States to strategically eliminate the reproductive rights of women who were deemed inferior on the social ladder (â€Å"What is Eugenics?†). Some women of color, women with disabilities, and women from lower financial classes were sterilized for permanent birth control, and sometimes without their consent or knowledge (â€Å"What is Eugenics?†). The eugenics movement was aimed to promote selective human features in order to increase those with intelligence, good health, physical characteristics, and class. Currently, the recent controversy of human genetic engineering has scientist concerned that it will become the new eugenics. Sterilizing women as a precaution to prevent the overpopulation of unfavorable offspring would go against Jonathan Swift’s equal treatment of all humans, Benjamin Franklin’s hopes for human ethics in science, and be a direct violation to the natural born rights of all humans. Also, the controversial practice of human genetic modification to restrict reproduction rights only to people of desirable traits is unethical because it promotes racial cleansing. â€Å"A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift proposes to eliminate the poor Irish Catholics to prevent them from becoming a burden to society. Swift insists that poor Irish Catholics should participate in outrageous behavior that are similar to eugenics. However, Swift uses verbal irony andShow MoreRelatedThe Science Of Eugenics Movement1423 Words   |  6 PagesThe science of eugenics was widely used during the 20th century in the United States to strategically eliminate the reproductive rights of women who were deemed inferior on the social ladder (â€Å"What is Eugenics?†). Some women of color, women with disabilities, and women from lower financial classes were sterilized for permanent birth control, and sometimes withou t their consent or knowledge (â€Å"What is Eugenics?†). The eugenics movement was aimed to promote selective human features in order to increaseRead MoreHuman Genetic Engineering And Eugenics1582 Words   |  7 PagesHuman genetic engineering and eugenics have been a largely controversial topic over the past decades. Eugenics can be popularly defined as the science of improving and enhancing a human population or person through manipulating the human genes, selective breeding, and sterilization. The end goal and desired result of eugenics is to basically create a human race or people with more desirable biological, physical, or psychological traits. Eugenics and genetic modification is a current, pressing subject;Read MoreIs It Possible to Create a Perfect Human Being?859 Words   |  4 Pagesis done with horses and dogs, there is a level of eugenics that has gone too far. During WWII, Adolf Hitler took the stance of eugenics as an innovative idea that was for the greater good. However, his proposal of eugenics was eliminating all other choices of humans other than his ideal image – the Aryan race. The murder of over 11 million people can hardly be compared with propagation, but they both derive from the same idea: eugenics. Eugenics is only one of the many methods that scientists areRead MoreWhat Would You Do If Your Baby Was Born With A Defect?1359 Words   |  6 Pagesyou could fix this birth defect before the baby was born? The thought seems a little tempting to some, but to others the thought is terrifying. With gene modification techniques such as CRISPR-Cas9 spiraling around it is possible to change genes. Gene modification is defined as any alteration of genetic material of a human being. Gene modification should not be allowed because the disastrous effects such as it lacks diversity, creates a divide, goes against religious beliefs, produces overpopulationRead More The High Cost of Genetic Engineering Essay1207 Words   |  5 Page sCost of Genetic Engineering    Genetic research on human embryos, in correlation with the human genome, is the key to gene therapy, genetic diagnosis, and even to genetically engineered human beings.   Knowing which gene controls what trait and causes what genetic disease will arm doctors with a powerful tool to treat their patients at the molecular level.   On the other hand, this allows people to possibly manipulate genes to enhance specific traits or create the perfect baby.   Genetic researchRead MoreEssay on The Perils of Genetic Screening and Gene Therapy1079 Words   |  5 PagesThe Perils of Genetic Screening and Gene Therapy      Ã‚   When we contemplate manipulation of the human genome, we tend to frame the debate in terms of the potential consequences for our children, or our childrens children. These are the individuals whose lives, and whose genes, are most likely to be effected by the rapidly advancing field of human genetics. Thus, while generations have always been conscious about the external environment bequeathed to their children, we of this generation mayRead MoreAnalysis Of Aldous Huxley s Brave New World1376 Words   |  6 Pages Like most high school seniors, I was handed a copy of Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, in which I found myself lost in a world where childbearing was mechanicalized, as children were made-to-order inside of test tubes with specific traits and societal roles. Now I sit three years later, reading about how this once imagined world of Aldous Huxley has become a reality as we now have the technology to make these made-to-order babies. As mentioned in lecture, the first test tube baby, or child conceivedRead MorePlaying God in Medicine Continues to be Acceptable Essay1424 Words   |  6 Pagesembryos, empowering humans to create a stronger, healthier child. Scientists place a new/modified gene into a virus like organism that enters the cell and inserts the new gene. Genetic modification is utilized to correct defective genes that lead to disease or genetic disorders; in simple terms, manipulating human genes to provide a brighter genetic future for humanity. In the future we may also be able to cure genetic diseases in embryos by replacing faulty sections of DNA with healthy DNA, in a processRead MoreThe World Is Too Much1509 Words   |  7 Pagesspecifically the capacity for human genetic modification to improve our species. Broadly, the extent to which genetic modification of humans should be permissible, is the extent to which it ensures indefinitely the increase of well being as opposed to the negation of its usage in any particular context. This is a fascinating and multifaceted proposition entailing a discussion of science and moral philosophy. Firstly we shall look at instances when human genetic modification should not be employed and whyRead MoreWhat Makes Us Human Genome? Essay1427 Words   |  6 Pagesmeant for the future of humanity. Thirteen years ago, news sources buzzed with hot-topic articles warning us of designer babies and man-made crops. Based on the frantic journalistic climate of the time, one might think us normal people would soon be replaced by post-humans. To find crude evidence for the decade’s excitement (or disdain) for the upcoming human genetics revolution, one needs only check google search trends for words like ‘genetic enhancement’ or ‘designer baby.’ Interest peaks around

Benefits of Capitalism-Free Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss the Concepts and Methods that Economists use to measure these benefits (this discussion should include any shortcomings associated with these Economic Concepts and Methods. Answer: Introduction Capitalism can be defined as the economic and political construct in which the control of industries and resources of production are controlled by the private owners and the intervention of state or government is minimal or non-existent. Under capitalistic framework, the primary motive of the owners of the productive resources is to maximize profit. Benefits of Capitalism The capitalistic framework, though seem to be solely individual profit maximization oriented, there are several positive implications of this socio-political-economic framework on the overall society as well as on the individuals belonging to the society concerned. One of the primary objectives of the Capitalistic society is to maximize productivity and profitability. This implies that under Capitalism, the firms have incentives to maximize their efficiency, which requires them to be cost effective in the competitive environment. Thus, it can be asserted that Capitalism encourages efficiency maximization, which in turn facilitates innovation. Under Capitalism, with the absence of large and bureaucratic government, the consumers also enjoy the freedom to choose the goods, services which they desire to have, and from whom they want to avail the same. The presence of competition in the market also leads to efficient and competitive pricing of the goods and services, which benefits the consumers. Capitalism provides people with the incentives to work hard to earn more, which in turn is measure by the economists by observing the increase in the economic growth of the concerned country. However, the fruits of economic growth are expected to trickle down to all the socio-economic strata of the country, only when the country is not burdened with excessive inequality in distribution, which cannot be measured by the economic growth of the country.

Scandinavian Airlines free essay sample

With the anticipation of increased emissions charges and taxes in the European industry, the company could have positive financial implications with the minimized risk of future operational limitations from the combination of international, federal, regional and local legislation. The Director of Aircraft and Engine Analysis could argue against the purchase of the green engines on the basis of cost and uncertainty of raised emissions regulations. The total cost of purchasing the green engines was estimated at kr 12 billion or 1. 14 billion US dollars. The director was also unable to produce figures on the economic payback of the purchase and use of the green engines. To support the argument of uncertainty, The regulatory structure of the industry made it hard to make any clear predictions on the anticipated increase in emissions charges and taxes. b. From the perspective of the SAS Management Team, two arguments for purchasing the green engines include; staying true with their commit ment to environment policy and avoiding the potential emissions cap at certain airports. We will write a custom essay sample on Scandinavian Airlines or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The environmental commitment policy that SAS values as a company will be appreciated by the environmentally conscious culture in Scandinavia. To avoid the potential emissions cap would mean SAS could avoid the financial disaster that included a fleet of planes that possibly could be grounded at the company’s main hub. The SAS Management Team could argue against the purchase of the green engines on the basis that the costs of the technology used would be significant, and unanticipated complications could add even more costs. The green engine has never before been installed on the 737 so technological hurdles had to be overcome with expensive research and development. The unanticipated complications are an inevitable with new technology. The only long-term research available is the actual use of the engine day after day, year after year. Internal and external influences: a. Three internal forces at SAS that could have influenced the firm’s decision to purchase the green engines were their objectives, capabilities, and culture. SAS had a corporate identity as the leader in environmental commitment and the objectives were to maintain the identity with decisions of environmentally positive actions. The capabilities were there to make purchasing the green engines. The resources were available along with the finances as well. The culture of the company was socially influenced by the increasingly environmentally conscious shareholders. The strongest internal force influencing the decision to purchase the green engines was the culture factor because of its influence on shareholders. A deep set of environmental values and beliefs embedded the culture of the shareholders. If SAS shied away from decisions the involved saving the environment, then shareholders could make decisions that would not help the business side of SAS and could eventually lose customers and therefore lose business. b. Three external environmental forces that could have influenced the SAS’s decision included industry, laws, and regulations. The industry was becoming more efficient and SAS was heading in the same direction. The laws in Scandinavia were becoming tighter and more restricting. The regulations of most organizations and airports were cracking down on noise and Co2 out put and SAS had to stay a step ahead to be profitable. Of these external influences, regulations were the most influential because of the potential to be grounded if there was a regulation the SAS did not fall under. If that did happen, SAS could potentially not recover and become bankrupt. Recommendations: a. While some of the long term benefits of environmentally responsible investments for a corporation are social responsibility, shareholders happiness, and regulation following, corporations should make these investments even if they don’t have a short term payoff because short gains now for big gains later always pays off better. The company should think of it as an investment into the possibility of business. The odds suggest that SAS will have a better chance of being profitable down the road rather than a cost cut now. b. The SAS management team should approve of the purchase of the green engines because the long-term gains from using the green engines outweigh the short-term price cuts of a normal jet engine. If you take everything in consideration, from the social culture to the regulation implications that could limit the airline industry, the decision is easy. The culture of the company must stay consistent and should not deceive its share holders of its mission and objectives as an industry leader in environment responsibility. Another benefit to think about is the first to act on this type of technological breakthrough.

20 Analytical Essay Topics Top Ideas from Cost #038; Management Accounting Reporting System Niche

20 Analytical Essay Topics Top Ideas from Cost #038; Management Accounting Reporting System Niche If you are looking for some example topics to write your analytical essay on cost and management accounting reporting systems, consider these twenty great topics below: The Layout of Primary Accounting Statements Including Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Sheets: Why They Are Necessary The Link between Primary Statements and Trial Balance Reasons Why Adjustments Are Made Including Bad Debt, Depreciation, Accruals, and Prepayments The Difference between Partnership Businesses, Sole Traders, and Limited Companies The Need for Accounting Principles Which Allow for Reliability, Comparability, Relevance, and Understanding in Accounting Details How Various Accounting Concepts Relate to Aspects of Accounting Management The Lifecycle for Fixed Assets from Their Acquisition to Their Disposal, as well as the Depreciation therein Treatment for Revenue and Capital Expenditure as well ws the Differences between Them The Advantages and Disadvantages of Share and Loan Capital The Components to Share Capital and How to Make Accounting Entries for Returns on Capital How to Dissect Financial Statements and Reach Conclusions about the Financial Situation of an Individual Organization How Accounting Ratios React to Different Transactions Why Business Relies upon Accounting Budgets How to Prepare Cash Budgets While Appreciating Business Benefits and Limitations within the Company Forecast Why Rising Finance is Imperative to Business Success and How Businesses Raise Finance How to Recalculate Goodwill for the Retirement and Admission of New Partners How Tools Can Be Used by Accounting Management to Identify Missing Figures How to Prepare Balance Sheets and Trading Profit and Loss Based on Incomplete Business Records How Accounts for Partnerships Differ between Sole Traders, Partnerships, and Limited Companies How to Remove Partners and Add New Partners to Accounts Analytical Essay Sample: The Layout of Primary Accounting Statements Including Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Sheets: Why They Are Necessary Financial statements are the key to business. Every business entity has to deal with financial reports which are the core area to notice. Annual accounts are the most common ones. However, meeting of shareholders takes place quarterly, which decides about the financial statements. Management has to set themselves a pattern according to which they should prepare financial statements. Yearly accounts are suited to most of the companies. However, this is not a set rule. There is an option of preparing quarterly of semi-annually accounts as well. A company has to have a formula which they should apply regarding preparation of financial accounts. Accounting standards are without a doubt a key to look into. SECP has provided many guidelines that must be adhered to. Certain laws and provisions must also be provided for while preparing financial reports. Some of the key financial statements covered include the balance sheet, the income statement, the statement of retained earnings and the statement of cash flows. There are two types of layout for a balance sheet. A vertical as well as horizontal layout can be considered. Both approaches to the layout are acceptable, and a company can go for one according to their conventional mode of work. The income statement shows the income generated in the period plus the expenses that were paid for. It gives an exact view of the income present with the company or the entity at the end of the period. Accrual basis of accounting has to be applied in which income is to be recognized in income statement when it is received, and expenses are accounted for when they are incurred, not when they are actually paid for. This way a comprehensive income and expenditure statement are prepared.   Net profit or loss is shown at the end. If income were greater than expenses, then there would be a net profit, and if expenses were bigger, then there would be a net loss to be recognized in the income statement. There are two methods of preparation of income statement being used alternatively.  Single-step and multi-step income statements are the two options. You can follow any one of the mentioned approaches for the preparation of the income statement. Income statement relates to a certain period of activity. Retained earnings are affected by profits with the company. Any payments from the profits such as dividends would decrease the balance of retained earnings, and vice versa. Net loss of the company will have a negative impact on retained earnings and profits and will add to the account of retained earnings. At the end, the final figure is calculated by means of addition and deletion of amounts. The statement of retained earnings provide for changes in the retained earnings from period to period. Consolidated financial statements are also prepared which depicts the events that are to occur over a period of time in the future. The statement of shareholder’s equity is another name for the statement of retained earnings. This statement helps the investors and creditors to conclude about the financial position of the entity. A balance sheet as previously discussed also revolves around the accounting equation. Assets are always equal to liabilities+ owner’s equity. The recognition of the asset or a liability in the financial statements is vital. Fair value recognition is the best method to present a true and fair view of the financial transactions. The statement of cash flows provides an insight about the inflows and outflows of the business. Such inflow or outflow is in monetary value and you can have an idea of what amount of cash has gone out of business, and how much cash business has received for a given period. There are three sections of the statements of cash flows, and you must prepare a statement of cash flow accordingly. 1) operating activities, 2) investing activities and 3) financing activities. The order should be the same as mentioned. You can come across net cash received or paid out on operating, investing and financing activities. At the end, you can sum up all three activities to come up with total cash paid in or out for the given period. Non-cash items are accounted for to come to a genuine and realistic amount of cash in or out for a given period. For example, dividends are cash paid out, but these are not expenses to the business. Such accounting is done in case of the statement of cash flows to come acro ss real cash in or out for the period. References Atkinson, Anthony A.  Management Accounting. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1997. Print. Atrill, Peter, and E. J McLaney.  Financial Accounting For Decision Makers. Harlow, England: Pearson Education, 2013. Print. Atrill, Peter, E. J McLaney, and Peter Atrill.  Management Accounting For Decision Makers. New York: Prentice Hall/Financial Times, 2005. Print. Datar, S. M., Rajan, M. V., Horngren, C. T. (2013).  Managerial Accounting: Decision Making and Motivating Performance. Pearson Higher Ed. Drury, Colin.  Management And Cost Accounting. London: Chapman Hall, 1992. Print. Hansen, Don R, and Maryanne M Mowen.  Cost Management. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western, 2003. Print. Horngren, Charles T.  Management And Cost Accounting. London: Prentice Hall Europe, 1999. Print.

ENGLISH LEGAL SYSTEM ASSIGNMENT 4b, 3b & c Essay

ENGLISH LEGAL SYSTEM ASSIGNMENT 4b, 3b & c - Essay Example A statute has been defined in previous editions of this work simply as the will of the legislature", the will of the legislature must be expressed either by the agreement of its three parts (Queen, lords and commons)or by the agreement of the queen and commons in accordance with the parliament Acts 1911 and 1949.Granted that a document which is presented to it as a statute is an authentic expression of the legislature will, the function of a court is to interpret that document "according to the intent of them that made it." From that function the court may not resile .however ambiguous Difficult for application the words of an act of parliament may be, the court is bound to endeavour to place some meaning upon them. In so doing it gives effect, as the judges have repeatedly declared to the intention of parliament, but, it may only elicit that intention from he actual words of the statute In this rule its assumed that the words and phrases of technical legislation are used in their technical meaning if they have acquired one, otherwise in their ordinary meaning ,and the second is that the phrases and sentences are to be construed according to the rules of grammar. Blythes v .Blythes- A reference in the matrimonial causes Act 1950 to the court being satisfied was meant to mean precisely what it said, and to require the courts to be satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt. And in Northing ham Finance V.Ashley,the court of appeal held that the words covered of which the hirer was in possession under an existing hire- purchase agreement and which were exchanged in part payment for the goods under the new agreement .it would be too narrow a construction to restrict it to goods actually owned by the hirer. The Mischief Rule. In heydons case in 1954, it was resolved by the Barons of the exchequer, that for sure and true interpretation of all statute in general (be they penal or beneficial, restrictive and considered. Firstly, what was common law before the making of the act. Secondly, what was the mischief and defect for which the common law did not provide. Thirdly, what remedy that parliament hath resolved and appointed to cure the disease of the commonwealth. Fourthly, The true reason of the remedy, and then the office of all judges is always to

The contemporary securitization of borders and the new policies of Essay

The contemporary securitization of borders and the new policies of states in North America and Europe that attempt to link asylu - Essay Example Third, Germany issues its own version of anti-refugees and asylum seekers statutes. Fourth, emphasized the problems of the refugees and asylum seekers grew in magnitude after the end of World War II. Fifth, some host countries have not fully given the refugees and asylum seekers their deserved rights and liberties. Sixth, the key to the strict refugees and asylum seekers policies is protection from terroristic and other acts that may disadvantage other residents of the host country. Seventh, international refugee law defines a refugee as: having a well grounded fear of being persecuted one or more discriminatory grounds. The reduction of protection for the refugees and asylum seekers is grounded on self- preservation. INTRODUCTION Refugees and asylum seekers are realities of the cruel world. The research centers on the difficulties faced by the refugees and asylum seekers. The research includes the moves to improve the lives of the refugees and asylum seekers in their host countries. North American and European policies are currently attempting to link asylum-seekers and refugees with terrorism and threats of national security, violating related international refugee laws. ... There is an increasing trend of host democratic governments turning their backs on the implementation of the Universal Humanitarian Principles. After the September 11, 2001 attack, many laws were enacted to reduce the rights as well as the liberties of the refugees and asylum seekers and also the citizens entering the host countries. A vivid example is the establishment of extra-judicial refugees and asylum seekers detention camps. Of the recent abuses was headlined in the abuses of the American soldiers, including the abuses committed by the American soldiers on Cuban and Haitian refugees and asylum seekers held in a prison camp in Guantanamo Bay, near Cuba. Likewise, abuses of the Soldiers managing the refugee and asylum seeker camps on Manus Island, Papua New Guinea as well as the Island Republic. Consequently, many democratic governments have reduced their focus on implementing the rights and liberties of refugees and asylum seekers (Wilson 659). Many of the refugees and asylum s eekers arrive in foreign country because they could no longer bear living in their home country. The refugees and asylum seekers escape from their home country taking with them the agony of losing their home, social status, friends, and identity. Article 14 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states â€Å"Everyone has the right to seek and enjoy in other country’s asylum from the sufferings received in their home countries. However, the refugees and asylum seekers do not know what will happen to them on their journey towards the host country (Wilson 641). To understand the sudden turnaround in terms of offering rights and liberties to refugees and asylum seekers, the focus should first look at the refugees and

Ethical Issues Unique To Group Therapy Social Work Essay

Ethical Issues Unique To Group Therapy Social Work Essay Group Therapy has a variety of ethical issues one of the main issues that maybe encountered is involuntary group members. Corey, Williams, and Moline (1995) explained that ethically a counselor should advise clienteles of theirs privileges and duties and advise them of any probable concerns they face if they choose to follow treatment. Informed consent is extremely important when participation is mandatory. Informed consent is something that all psychologist, counselor, and therapist have to obtain from clients. The consent is important because certain guidelines have to be followed by the counselor during the sessions. When a client becomes involuntary this puts the counselor in a comprising position. The counselor becomes comprised because the incorporation of the client places limits on the direction of the sessions in the group. The following is an example of legal issue where a patient refuses medical care. Website Merck (2007), stated People who have legal and clinical capacity may refuse any medical care. They may refuse care even if it is something almost everyone else would accept or something that is clearly life-saving. With that being said there is also a variety of issues related to right of refusal. The following is a list of some legal issues related to refusal of consent. American Bar Association (n.d.), stated religiously sponsored HMOs often do not cover prohibited services or provide information, counseling, or referrals to plan members who may want or need these services. Women in Medicaid managed care plans face particular challenges (Susan, Lourdes). Because of the risk of misdiagnosis financial factors have become an issue. Psychologist and therapist are avoiding working with some clients because of what insurance they have. The reason for this is because some insurance companies cannot be reimbursed for certain diagnosis. In addition insurance companies are starting to take practitioners to civil court for incompetence. Ethical Issues Unique to Individual Counseling Some of the ethical issues a counselor may encounter in individual counseling may range from dual relationships, involuntary client, moral dilemmas, breach of confidentiality, and other significant factors. Ethics in psychotherapy and counseling (2007), stated In the mid-1970s, New York Supreme Court Presiding Justice Markowitz recognized evidence that from the time of Freud to the present, the health care professions had agreed that therapist-patient sex harms patients (Pope, Vasquez, p. 174). The extent of sexual relationships has not been fully understood until recently. Within the past quarter century a diverse series of investigations have broaden the meaning of therapist client relationships in individual psychotherapy. Certain issues that were addressed in the investigation included how clients can be injured, physical contact with clients, and sexual attraction to patients. Studies that were conducted have concluded that certain outcomes for sexually abused clients. Clients who have been sexually involved with individual counselors produce negative outcomes. Therapist would choose Group Therapy Essentially, Group Therapy is targeted on assisting clients with data about specific categories in order to give supplementary means or data. Counselors believe that group therapy is more structured; in group therapy counselors also believe that clients are provided with precise categories or modules to debate and learn about. The intent is to supply individuals with access data about the categories, which is frequently recognized in the label of the group. the process group therapy is favored by counselors too. a process group is best explained as a group that targets on the experience of belonging to a group, itself, this recognition is part of the healing opportunity given within the group. An example would be the process of a client showing their ideas, emotions, and in the group, in the here and now can become the essential vehicle that finds change in group therapy. Counselors often choose group therapy to supplement individual therapy. Counselors believe group therapy will sup ply clients with access support, or as the primary part of healing work. On no account substance what issues a client may want to address in therapy, group therapy give clients the opportunity to share their thought which is part of their healing journey. Counselors believes that clients attending group gain a sense from the experience as a way to know that they are not alone and that there others, with similar experiences, who are supportive of them. Therapist would choose Individual Counseling Ethical decision making in professional psychology is important to regulate the practice of psychology. Individual counselors believe that ethical decision making procedures can produce positive psychological outcomes. In addition ethical decision making places a certain degree of accountability on the psychologist in individual counseling. Ethical guidelines and educational requirements ensure that clients receive adequate professional assistance on a one on one basis. Ethical decision making in a sense also causes a power shift. Paste psychological practices were controlled by the therapist. In modern times clients have a say so of what treatments and practices they want to receive. This is due to current ethical guidelines. Psychologists give numerous reasons why Multicultural psychology has become a subspecialty. With a society that is diverse in culture psychology had no choose but to be aware of these circumstances. Because of this factor training had to be given to researchers and psychologist in the career field. These measures were done to raise awareness of culture differences and to clarify that these differences had to be handled different individually. Cultural competence is best explained by CEO Services (2007), as the development of skills by individuals and systems to live and work with, educate and serve diverse individuals and communities. Â   Having multicultural psychology as a subspecialty eradicates negative beliefs about other cultures. In addition categories of discrimination, prejudice, lack of education, and ethical values are learned. A major issue with research done with past experiments was they were not culturally equal. Things like the above issue and other factors lead to the requirement of multicultural psychology as a subspecialty. If a professional is culturally competent they should see and understand cultural, economic, gender, and physical differences that another individual may have in society. Culturally competent professional should not be prejudiced in thought while considering another human being feelings and cultural traditions. Social Phobia has a connection with the stability-change issue. The Life -Span Development (2007) text explains the stability-change dispute consists of the point to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change. In the stability-change issue Develo pmental psychologists acknowledge the concept as broken into two separate issues. On the stability side of the issue psychologist argue that early experiences in life can affect a persons stability or there heredity can cause change in stability. But on the change side of the spectrum psychologist are arguing that peoples later experiences can cause change. So in saying that the change concept is basically that people are is constantly being molded throughout their life span. Distinctive Features Some of the distinctive features that are associated with social phobia range in vary areas. Person with social phobia experience excessive fear of being humiliated or judged negatively in social or performance situations (Heimberg, G. R., Liebowitz, R. M., Hope, A. D., Schneier, R. F., 1995). Social anxiety and panic disorder are also qualified as features in the social phobia criterion. The different experiences an individual lives through and witness can mold their mind state. If an individual has had many experiences dealing with discrimination they may perceive the world as unfair. If an individual is or maybe was raised in poverty they may perceive the world as unfair and class based. A prime example would be a minority individual born during the civil rights era or earlier. These individuals had witnessed the inequality of America and seen the horror that come from inequality. A majority of individuals who lived during those times have negative views on white America. I have seen this in my grandmother who is 83. She can get along with other races but she is still to a degree stuck in the past. Often stating how minorities should watch they do because of inequality. Ethical Challenges I may Face Being a counselor some of the many ethical challenges I believe I will face will be as followed. Being a counselor whether the setting is for a group or individual counseling Being mentally aware is important for individuals so they can understand their personal ethical perspectives in life. If individuals have an understanding of their ethical perspective other attributes can be understood. Personal ethical views can influence emotions and reactive behavior in some individuals. Personal ethical perspectives are essential in formulating who an individual is and what they stand for. In addition understanding personal ethical perspective is necessary when choosing a career field. Ethical dilemmas can be frequent if professional ethics are opposite of an employees personal ethics. If personal ethics are misunderstood stress can manifest in individuals. Ethics in psychotherapy and counseling (2007), stated Uncertainty causes stress for some of us. We cannot find that magical book that wi ll tell us what to do, especially in a crisis (Pope, Vasquez, p. 2). The argument about personal and professional ethics has been debated for a while. But each ethic is unique and essentially a necessity to function in society. The United States has become a nation were ethical perspectives are revered. The evolution the United States has made is amazing. Manifesting from a primitive culture to what is now known as the ethical nation. Work ethics involve such characteristics as honesty and accountability. Basically, work ethics break down to what one does or would do in a particular situation ethics as guidelines restrict the abrasive production low safety, employees non-companies, non-compliance with legal regulations and even lawsuits. Ethical regulations decline tension; makes the environment more beneficial by fostering a goal focused climate of cooperation that even boost business. Ethical regulations purely boost a positive site for the future. Confidentiality Better Morale Worker safety Organized work environment All organizations have laws that they have to abide by, employees, board members, and those who work voluntarily must do the same. Regardless of personal feelings toward those laws, they are to obey all laws in the performance of their work on behalf of Community Services. Ethics is the central part, the heart of leading and include private duties of service and public duties to the common good. Therefore, personal, professional, and practical ethics are included into a multidimensional perspective of ethical leadership in human service organizations Development of Professional Ethics through Societal Norms Ethical standards have a role in societys developmental norms. Social norms are explained on Sociology Guide website. Sociology Guide (2006), stated Sociologists have offered the following definition. Social norms are rules developed by a group of people that specify how people must, should, may, should not, and must not behave in various situations. To better understand what ethical standards really mean, the Santa Clara University (2007), stated Ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right or wrong; Ethics has to do with my religious beliefs. Being ethical is doing what the law requires; Ethics consists of the standards of behavior our society accepts (Velasquez, Andre, Shanks, S.J., and Meyer). Evolution of cultural factors and beliefs has impacted ethical standards also. Some of these factors are responsibility, malpractice, ethical dilemmas, ethical judgment, reasoning, language, and justifications. American 18 or 1900s social norms seem barbaric compared to 21st century norms. A prime example of disturbing social norms and ethical codes are practices of psychology. Practices such as psychosurgery left permanent damage to areas of the brain. Other primitive methods used were insane asylums, electroconvulsive therapy, and Trepanation. Robert Todd Carroll (2007) states Trepanation is the process of cutting a hole in the skull. If those procedures were practiced today society would consider them cruel and legally incorrect. Ethical standards and codes have helped the American nation become civilized. Civilized behavior is a progression compared to when individuals would react by emotions. In addition the codes have formed this nation into a more business oriented society. Ethical standards have made equal right obtainable to women. Because ethical standards and codes affect social norms woman can vote, and get equal pay. Equal bus seating, right to vote, and other factors African Americans gained because of ethical standards. Disabled individuals have also gotten opportunities to work. Through the development of new ethics standards societal norms have also changed and quality of life for all individuals has improved. APA Ethics Code The American Psychological Associations Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct consist of an introduction, a preamble, five general principles and specific ethical standards. The general principles and preamble are not enforceable rules. However, they should be considered by psychologists in arriving at a professional and ethical course of action. The Ethical Standards are set enforceable rules for conduct of psychologists/psychiatrists. Most of these standards are written so they apply to psychologists that have various roles within the field. The American Psychological Association enforces members and student residents to comply with the standards of their ethics code and the procedures and rules that are used to enforce them. Misunderstanding or lack of awareness of the code is not considered a defense if a member and/or student resident is charged with unethical conduct. The APAs Ethics code ensures psychologies will protect the human and civil rights and the importance of freedom of inquiry and expression in teaching, research and publication. Psychologists perform many roles; such as educators, diagnosticians, researchers, supervisors, therapist, administrators, consultants, expert witnesses and social interventionists. The APAs Ethics codes provide a common set of standards and principles, in which psychologist, researcher, therapist, etc. build their scientific and professional work. APA Ethical Violations The impact of the American Psychological Associations (APA) ethical standards and codes on professional practice in the field of psychology includes how the ethical issues are resolved once one is accused. The ethical code deals with such matters as: misuse of psychologists work, conflicts between ethics and law, regulations, or other governing legal authority, informal resolution of ethical violations, reporting ethical violations, improper complaints, and unfair discrimination against complainants and respondents. (APA, 2002) Psychologists who learn of misuse or misrepresentation of their work may take reasonable steps to correct or minimize the misuse or misrepresentation through the APA. When there is a conflict between ethics and law, regulations, or other governing legal authority and a psychologists responsibilities they make known their commitment to the Ethics Code and take steps to resolve the conflict. If the conflict cannot be resolved via such means, psychologists may adhere to the requirements of the law, regulations, or other governing legal authority. (APA, 2002) Sometimes situations may call for informal resolution of ethical violations. If a psychologist believes that there may have been an ethical violation by another psychologist, they may attempt to resolve the issue by bringing it to the attention of that individual, if an informal resolution appears appropriate and the intervention does not violate any confidentiality rights that may be involved. Reporting ethical violations may be necessary when an apparent ethical violation has substantially harmed or is likely to substantially harm a person or organization. Psychologists may take further action appropriate to the situation such as referral to state or national committees on professional ethics, to state licensing boards, or to the appropriate institutional authorities. This standard does not apply when an intervention would violate confidentiality rights or when psychologists have been retained to review the work of another psychologist whose professional conduct is in question. (AP A, 2002) When a Psychologist does not file or encourage the filing of ethics complaints that are made with reckless disregard for or willful ignorance of facts that would disprove the allegation the ethics code allows for treatment of these improper complaints. Unfair discrimination against complainants and respondents in the APA ethics code demands that Psychologists do not deny persons employment, advancement, admissions to academic or other programs, tenure, or promotion, based solely upon their having made or their being the subject of an ethics complaint. This does not preclude taking action based upon the outcome of such proceedings or considering other appropriate information. (APA, 2002) Psychology and Professional Ethics Psychologists have an obligation to protect the people in which they counsel on a regular basis. Ethic codes have been created to protect the public and offer guidance to professionals in serving their clientele. Many different mental health organizations have their own set of ethical codes in which they follow on a day to day basis. Without these ethical codes, they would not be able to properly protect themselves or their clients in the unlikely event that they are accused or sued for malpractice. There is believed to be three main reasons that these ethical standards and codes have been created for professional psychologists to follow. The three standards and codes are the general reason is to educate professionals about adequate ethical conduct; consultants that comprehend the standards may acknowledge prolonged alertness, ideals-interpretation, and difficult-answering abilities. Next, ethical standards encourage responsibility, also, counselors need to preserve ethical conduct encourage such from colleagues as well. Third the code of ethics helps support in cultivating preparation by proposing answers to challenging inquiries and circumstances (Herlihy Corey, 1996). Ethical issues in mental-health are governed by professional codes and laws. Law defines the minimum standards of performance which society will tolerate and these standards are enforced by the government. Ethics illustrates maximum or ideal standards of performance set by the profession and are managed by professional associations, national certification boards, and government boards which regulate professions (Remley, 1996). Ethical codes that are used in mental- health organizations are revised when new issues in the psychological community arise. Providing a code of ethics to clients receiving psychological care has proven to be fundamental in the field of psychology. Not only to the psychologist providing treatment but also to the client who is receiving treatment on a daily, weekly, or even a monthly basis. Besides knowing these rules, a therapist must be able to think rationally and apply different ethical standards to each individual situation that may crop up while they are providing professional counseling services. Not every situation is covered under these individual codes and standards. Often a psychologist is forced to make their own decisions in regards to which way to best treat a client who is seeking help. Without these codes of ethics, a therapist would be unprotected should they provide the wrong type of treatment to one of the clients they are serving. This could often a therapist up to losing their license to practice and be sued which could end up costing them a fortune financially, professionally, and pers onally. Conclusion The APA ethics code systematically describes how psychologists and psychiatrists should behave in a professional environment. Societal norms have helped to define how professional ethics should be followed and has also contributed to how the APAs ethics code has developed. Through communication of this ethics code among psychologists, they can hope to have greater success with clients and better relationships with colleagues.